Description

Contents: United Kingdom (UK) policy background prior to agri-environmental programs – Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reforms – Emergence of UK agri-environmental programs, with emphasis on ‘payments for environmental services’ (PES)

Description of Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) scheme – ESA implementation – ESA participation – Incentives/disincentives to participate – Environmental additionality – Participation of disadvantaged groups Description of Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS) – CSS implementation – CSS participation – Incentives/disincentives to participate – Environmental additionality – Permanence of environmental benefits – Differentiation – Participation of disadvantaged groups Some General lessons from the ESA scheme and the CSS – CAP reforms of 2003 – Consolidation of major PES schemes (Pillar II) in England in 2005 – Whole-farm planning now central to England s PES schemes – Features of the HLS (Higher level stewardship) scheme